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ELECTRI International Reports Store
Electri International Overview
CECA is a founding member of ELECTRI International-The Foundation for Electrical Construction

ELECTRI International funds and conducts research on issues that impact the electrical contractor. 

CECA members have access to all ELECTRI research reports and training programs. This Catalogue contains ELECTRI International reports.
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A 21st Century Action Plan for Electrical Contractors and their Workforce PDF Download
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Index: F9803

Electrical contracting faces many challenges today; therefore, an ongoing process to define and redefine the business process enterprise is required. Strategic planning provides focus and direction for activities and resource allocation. This report contains a method to chart a course, examines the future, provides general guidance to contractors, and a process to visioning their company's future. A simple model and questionnaires guide contractors through the strategic planning process. Conducted by Dr. Mark O. Federle and Dr. James E. Rowings of Iowa State University.

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A Comparison of Operational Cost of Union vs. Non-Union Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F2210

A Comparison of Operational Costs of Union vs. Non-Union Electrical Contractors was commissioned to investigate the main differences between unionized electrical contractors and open-shop contractors, as well as to identify the main cost drivers and how they differ between the two. 
Through this study we determine the impact of various cost drivers on union contractors. Their impact on cost can be ranked as:
 
1) Operational Model, 
2) Office support, 
3) Labor management and cost, 
4) Crew ratio, 
5) Labor hiring, training and loyalty, 
6) Application of prefabrication, 
7) Procurement, 
8) Composite crew mix. 

The research was conclusive about the importance and impact of these cost drivers. This study determined that the convoluted expectations and regulations of the labor union are an added cost without providing any added value to the stakeholders. On the other hand, the open shop contractor enjoys a higher level of freedom and therefore lower cost. The conclusion of this research is both provocative and essential for the future growth of union electrical contractors. To secure your business future by expanding your productivity, profitability and therefore your market share. 

Author: Dr. Perry Daneshgari, MCA, Inc

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A Guide for Entering the IBS Market PDF Download
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Index: F2703

This guide offers perspective on the future of the electrical contracting industry through integrated building systems (IBS) work. The guide, authored by Thomas Glavinich and published by the Foundation, is the result of research on developing strategies for successfully entering the emerging information technology market. It is designed to help an electrical contracting firm diversify into the IBS market. The guide walks users through potential barriers to entering the market and what factors and assets can help the firm overcome these barriers. An overview of the IBS market and 10 critical success factors are outlined, as well as diversification, marketing, and branding strategies for the new IBS electrical contractor.

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A Human Resource Management Primer for Company Leaders PDF Download
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Index: F2707A

This primer by Dr. John E. Schaufelberger collects and integrates some best practices into a resource that would allow the company leaders to quickly identify strategies for success when selecting an approach that responds to the requirements of their employees and organization.  The success or failure of the firm depends on the number, quality, and  dedication of the employees that the company is able to attract, develop, and retain. 

You might also consider: A Human Resource Primer for Supervisors, by A. Thomas Taylor, F2707B.

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A Human Resource Primer for Supervisors PDF Download
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Index: F2707B

Human resources represent the social capital of an electrical contracting firm and should be nurtured and managed with as much care as financial assets and capital investments.  This primer by A. Thomas Taylor would be of value to all supervisors. 

You may also be interested in A Human Resource Management Primer for Company Leaders, by Dr. John E. Schaufelberger.  Index No. F2707A.

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A Strategy for Improving the Electrical Construction Industry PDF Download
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Index: F2603

The electrical construction industry is increasingly fragmented, a trend that threatens to compromise its most important characteristic - productivity. 

The new study published by ELECTRI International "A Strategy for Improving the Electrical Construction Industry", by Perry Daneshgari, Ph.D., addresses the leading causes of their fragmentation and offers recommendations that yield a better organized and more profitable operation.

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A Survey of Job Performance Evaluations in The Electrical Contracting Industry PDF Download
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Index: F9902

When the subject of improving performance and productivity is examined, it is important to know what tasks workers are doing and how well the workers are doing them. 

This report examines industry practices concerning job performance evaluations. Electrical contractors may use this information to either start or improve their own system of evaluating job performance. 

This report looks at several questions including: how electrical contractors evaluate the job performance of workers; what criteria and/or attributes should be considered in the evaluation; and for what purposes should the results of a performance evaluation be used. 

Conducted by Dr. Awad S. Hanna, PhD, PE and Jacqueline M.K. Brusoe, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

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Achieving Greater Customer Satisfaction Through Labor-Management Partnership PDF Download
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Index: F9802

Market share for unionized contractors has declined over the last 25 years. To regain it, organized labor must partner with contractors to address customer needs. This project designs a cooperative program to create a labor-management partnership. The goal is an environment within which customer satisfaction can be achieved and the volume of work performed by unionized contractors and their craftsmen increased. 

Conducted by Dr. William F. Maloney of the University of Kentucky

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An Economic Analysis of Portability PDF Download
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Index: F3202

Opportunities in the construction industry for union contractors and labor are becoming increasingly more competitive as the marketplace shifts to one where there is greater nonunion competition. Signatory contractors have watched their market share decrease over time and must find ways to hold on to their existing clients and develop new ones. Restrictions in portability make this increasingly difficult. The data compiled in this research will demonstrate that signatory contractors must increase their bids to account for the lack of portability when working out-of-local, which makes them less competitive to in-local contractors and, more importantly, nonunion contractors that are seeing their market share grow.

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Applications for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Electric Utility Construction PDF Download
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Index: F3415

Commissioned by ELECTRI International – The Foundation for Electrical Construction, Inc.

Investigative Team
Professor Lonny Simonian, PE, PMP - Principal Investigator
California Polytechnic State University

Assistant Professor Matthew E. Taylor - Co-Investigator
Washington State University

Every day, more and more businesses must deal with Drones, UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), sUAS (small Unmanned Aerial Systems), and RPAs (Remotely Piloted Aircrafts).
The cost for these flying robots is plummeting while their capabilities are soaring and multiple business sectors are likely to be disrupted by this new technology.

The landscape of quickly improving hardware and solidifying FAA regulations brings about a critical opportunity to establish a cutting-edge program to leverage UAVs for utility system monitoring, along with requisite qualifications, safety, and training.

This report
  • Provides a bread overview of current capabilities and US regulatory framework.
  • Proposes a set of applications that can be useful for electrical line construction and maintenance, along with example training and operating guides. 
  • Offers a starting point for interested businesses to come up to speed quickly on the opportunities and challenges related to UAVs in the current technological/legislative landscape.

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Best Practices and Benefits of Estimating Techniques and Technology PDF Download
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Index: F3302PDF

In this presently challenging economy, two old adages in the electrical construction industry seem to ring as true as ever: the electrical construction industry is an incredibly competitive market to operate in, and the foundation of remaining successful within this competitive market place begins with accurate estimates. Estimating software producers have recognized this and have created take-off software that has been designed to address these challenges by providing a platform to perform faster and more accurate estimates. Based on a combination of extensive interviews with electrical contractors and the results of a national questionnaire, this report outlines the present day role of this software in the electrical construction industry and highlights some effective estimating strategies that electrical contractors have implemented both with and without this estimating software. 

A thorough examination of the present state of electrical estimating has revealed that there is tremendous variability in the electrical estimating landscape. This is likely no surprise to estimators and executives alike within the industry, who know that it is part of their job to manage that variability and produce timely and accurate estimates. Among many factors that will be discussed in depth later in this report, this variability can include the type of the job to be estimated, the structure of one's estimating department, the characteristics of the estimators within the estimating department, what time restrictions are on the estimate, the overall goals of the company, and certainly of the use, non-use, or partial use of estimating takeoff-software. It is because of this variability that there exists no one perfect estimating software solution that can be adopted by every electrical contractor across the country. 

Instead this report outlines the benefits of the electrical estimating takeoff software, but also the obstacles to their implementation. In addition, this report includes many strategies that electrical contractors of varying characteristics have used to maintain the accuracy and timeliness of their estimates. Depending on the goals of the electrical contractor, some have decided that a completely manual estimating process is best for them, others have chosen to selectively use one or more estimating takeoff software, and last some have chosen to fully implement estimating takeoff software across their estimating department. Based on this collection of strategies and information, an electrical contractor can decide if there are new approaches that they can take within their estimating department that will benefit the company.

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Best Practices: Prefabrication for Electrical Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F2903

For electrical contractors, there are still opportunities to achieve some or all of the benefits of prefabrication.  The purpose of this document is to present a series of "best practices" for prefabrication for electrical contactors who wish to start a prefabrication process or improve an  existing prefabrication process. The use of prework includes prefabrication, pre-assembly, and modularization - strategies that have the potential to: Significantly reduce project duration, Improve productivity, Reduce labor needs and costs, Improve safety The end result is that prework can increase profit within a company. 

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Blueprint for Electrical Contracting Firm Business Development PDF Download
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Index: F3401

ELECTRI International commissioned this study to provide the electrical contracting firm with an understanding of business development, explain why business development is critical to the future success and survival of the electrical contracting firm, and show how to successfully implement a business development program through examples and case studies. This manual applies to electrical contracting firms of all sizes. However, the focus of this manual is on smaller electrical contracting firms that may not have the time and resources to dedicate to business development like a larger electrical contracting firm might have. These smaller electrical contracting firms make up the bulk of the electrical contracting industry and the future success of these smaller electrical contracting firms will determine the future of the electrical contracting industry.

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Book Two -- Operational Model Needed to Compete in Industrialized Construction PDF Download
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Index: F3409b

Book 2 will help you understand how you can maximize the transfer of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge and develop a full-scale operational model for your company to compete in the industrialized environment. In Book 2, learn what other companies have gone through in the period of industrialization in order to come out successful at the end.

The planning, prefab, vendor relationships, productivity tracking, and other things you "already do" must be done systematically across the company to achieve your competitive advantage. Tasks must be accomplished by the person responsible for work outcome - a foreman, general foreman, superintendent, etc. You need to read Book 2...

  1. If your foreman is not spending at least 10% of the job's labor hours on pre-job planning
  2. If your prefabrication ideas come only from a catalogue or after visiting other contractors 
  3. If your labor management practices do not include a company, project, and crew level assessment of what classification of labor is needed for what tasks
  4. If your current labor tracking consists of measuring hours or quantities only to compare to the estimate.

Industrialized Construction is truly a different business model than the traditional electrical contracting business model of "bid the work", "do the work", and "collect", in which the better the workers you have, the better the job turns out. The model required in Industrialized Construction centers around managing the work independent of who does it, where it is done, and when it happens. It starts with knowledge transfer and simplified capture of the knowledge.

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Change Order Guidelines for Electrical and Low Voltage Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F3405apdf

Electrical and low voltage contractors are routinely asked to prepare change order proposals on construction projects. The single most common area of dispute in the change order process is its cost. Among cost-related disputes, items related to recoverable direct cost, overhead-profit percentages, and impact factors resulting in consequential costs constitute the vast majority of the disagreements. All types of change orders can have these disagreements but change orders that do not address an agreed upon price are particularly prone to disagreements.

The two obvious cost categories of a change order include direct costs and overhead-profit costs. Direct costs are easily identifiable and quantifiable. Overhead-profit costs are generally quantified as a percentage of the direct cost or of the total change order amount. In addition, there is a third category of costs, known as consequential costs due to impact factors. These are difficult to identify and quantify and, therefore, are a source of conflict and controversy when included in a change order.

Electrical and low voltage contractors must often address situations where they are not allowed to include in the change order all of their direct cost items and/or an appropriate percentage of overhead-profit. Most electrical and low voltage contractors believe that change orders are generally not profitable for them. As a result, they end up doing the change order work with a smaller markup than the initially bid project. In addition to lack of adequate cost recovery, change orders often have a negative impact on the project's overall progress and budget due to their impact on rest of the project.

The main purpose of this project is to develop guidelines that provide a systematic, standardized, fair process for the pricing of change orders for electrical and low voltage contractors. This study identifies various costs categories and items, investigates overhead-profit practices, and identifies various impact factors and methods used to calculate associated consequential costs. Although the main focus is on electrical contractors, interactions with and/or input from many related industry groups, are also taken into consideration.

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Change Order Guidelines: Quick Reference PDF Download
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Index: F3405b

Change orders are an essential part of every construction project. These are issued to accommodate changes to the construction contract. Electrical and low voltage contractors are routinely asked to prepare change order proposals on construction projects. The single most common area of dispute in the change order process is its cost. Among cost-related disputes, items related to recoverable direct cost, overhead-profit %, and impact factors resulting in consequential costs constitute a vast majority of the disagreements. The purpose of this Change Order Guidelines is to provide a fair and reasonable process for the costing and pricing of change orders.

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Combining Charging Station Installation with Energy Efficiency Upgrades: An Emerging Market PDF Download
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Index: F3301

Plug-in vehicles fall into one of two main categories: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) or Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) sometimes referred to as Battery Electric Vehicle (BEVs). PEVs/BEVs are all-electric vehicles with no internal combustion engine (ICE). Collectively, all of these are more commonly referred to as Electric Vehicles (EVs). Both categories of electric vehicles differ from fossil fuel-powered vehicles in that they are able to consume electricity which could be generated from a wide range of sources, including fossil fuels, nuclear power, renewable sources (such as tidal, solar, or wind power) or any combination of these. 

A plug-in hybrid's all-electric range is designated as PHEV-[miles] or PHEV [kilometers] km in which the number represents the distance the vehicle can travel on battery power alone. For example, a PHEV-20, also designated as a PHEV32km, can travel twenty miles (32 km) without using its combustion engine. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 defines a plug-in electric drive vehicle as one that:

--draws motive power from a battery with a capacity of at least 4 kilowatt hours, 
--can be recharged from an external source of electricity for motive power, and 
--is a light-, medium-, or heavy-duty motor vehicle or non-road vehicle. 

This distinguishes PHEVs from regular hybrid cars mass marketed today, which do not use any electricity from the grid. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) defines PHEVs similarly, but also requires that hybrid electric vehicle have the ability to be driven at least ten miles (16 km) in all-electric mode (PHEV-10; PHEV16km), while consuming no gasoline or diesel fuel. General Motors is referring to its Chevrolet Volt series plug-in hybrid as an "Extended-Range Electric Vehicle".

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Competing in the New Construction Environment A Compilation to Lead the Way PDF Download
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Index: F3409PDF

Construction is facing a revolution.  No industry will remain untouched by the technological improvements in the communication, processes and tools. The construction industry is no exception.  The telltale indicators are arriving.  Building Information Modeling (BIM), prefabricated high rises, Google glasses and many other information management tools are showing up on every jobsite and in every industry segment. The signals of market shift, which happened in other markets that industrialized, are here in construction. 

Like so many other industries, the construction industry is under constant pressure to improve productivity and to reduce cost and waste in its operations.  In the era of new industrialization, the construction industry can no longer be content with the "Know-How" of skilled tradesmen but will be looking for the "Know-Why" of resource management.  The missing element to make this transition possible is the content, which only exists in the gray cells of the tradesmen.  Transferring "Tacit-Knowledge" from its current residence in the heads of skilled tradesmen to an "Explicit-Knowledge" environment requires a careful application of the "Principles of Scientific Management" that developed in the early years of the 20th century. 

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Contract Benchmarking & Analytics 2023 Document Crunch Report
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Index: F3446B

In 2021, Document Crunch partnered with ELECTRI International (NECA), the John R. Gentille Foundation (MCAA), and the New Horizons Foundation (SMACNA) with the objective of assessing the benchmarking their members' contracts.

This report discusses the top 10 contract issues for Trade Contractors

  1. Pay if Paid
  2. Right to Stop Work
  3. Consequential Damages
  4. Liquidated Damages
  5. Liability Caps
  6. Indemnity
  7. Delays
  8. Subsurface Conditions
  9. Hazardous Materials
  10. Design Responsibility

This report updates the 2022 report.


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Defined Benefit Transition Program PDF Download
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Index: F2805

The purpose of this self-contained project program is to provide an accurate and reliable assessment of the pension plan condition specific to the U.S. electrical contracting industry. A thorough and first-of-its-kind assessment of the retirement landscape within the electrical contracting industry will serve as the foundation for change.  Once the current situation is defined, action planning for the long-term health and sustainability of pension plans for the industry's employees can be developed and supported.

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Developing a Curriculum for Electrical Building Construction and Contracting PDF Download
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Index: F9401

This research project presents two curricula for a university program in electrical contracting. One curriculum is oriented to an electrical engineering program; the other is oriented to a school that emphasizes a construction management program. The report includes survey results from over 80 contractors and universities. Conducted by Dr. Jeffrey Lew and Dr. Perry Achor, Purdue University

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Effectively Recruiting and Retaining Field Supervisors and Project Managers PDF Download
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Index: F3103

To effectively retain field supervisors, a formal plan-which should include a recruitment plan, a training plan, an induction process, a career development plan, and a motivational strategy-is required. Using the 12 pillars of successful supervision as a general framework, strategies can be implemented to evaluate potential job candidates for field supervisory positions.

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Efficiency and Continuous Improvement: Survival of the Unfits PDF Download
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Index: F3417

Being fit in today's electrical construction environment may be a weakness tomorrow.  Today's fittest may not survive the future environment and today's unfits may be tomorrow's survivors. It is not the "fittest" that survive; it is the ones that are able to adopt and adapt.

  • To survive changes coming at the EC industry, contractors must: 
  • Recognize them, 
  • Accept them, 
  • Adjust for them, 
  • Integrate them in a business operation model, 
  • Plan for continuous improvement. 

This fourth and final book in the series Industrialization of Construction® explains how to use the first three books that had focused on the effectiveness of your operations, becoming more efficient, and planning to survive both the current environment and all the upcoming changes in technology, business models and market shifts. 

As companies, industries, and the world around us continually transform, Book 4 addresses efficiency and continuous improvement. Book 4 will be your guidepost for finding and using ways to deal with change. Book 4 shows how to predict the winds, characterize their pattern, and deal with their impact. 

EC industry survivors will stand strong through their ability to maneuver in any weather.

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Electrical Contracting Best Safety Practices - Pocketguide PDF Download
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Index: F2704A

This pocket-sized guide for workers includes in-the-field tips that complement the company-wide safety program set forth in the complete guide Electrical Contracting Best Practices

For the full size Best Safety Practices book, see Electrical Contracting Best Safety Practices.

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Electrical Contracting Best Safety Practices PDF Download
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Index: F2704

This new guide focuses on the necessary components of a company-wide safety program, plus in-the-field tips in a pocket-sized guide for workers. Both the complete and pocket-size Best Safety Practices are printed in English and Spanish. Safety has a direct impact on profitability for an electrical contractor. Lost hours due to injuries, lower productivity, and even financial liability can be avoided through a safety program. This guide includes anecdotes from electrical contractors of all sizes on the tops and tools that have made their safety programs run smoothly.

For an electronic download of the pocketguide, please see Index No. F2704A.

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Electrical Pre-Construction Planning Process Implementation Manual PDF Download
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Index: F2806

The research resulted in the creation of a model electrical pre-construction planning process that was based on outstanding processes used on successful electrical projects. The model process is a standardized process that electrical contractors can implement in order to formalize their planning practices and improve the effectiveness of their planning. Furthermore, the research developed a method to assess planning effectiveness by comparing actual planning to the model process and filling out a scorecard (see the implementation manual).  The scorecard can be used by contractors to identify specific planning activities that need additional effort prior to project execution.

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Electrical Project Management Process Implementation Manual PDF Download
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Index: F3002

Description: Electrical construction contractors continue to be faced with the challenge of improving productivity in order to remain successful in an increasingly competitive industry. As a result, many contractors are searching for new ways to increase their productivity and decrease their costs in order to gain or maintain market share. 

This implementation manual presents a comprehensive review and guidance of the Electrical Project Management Process including: which management activities have been effective at improving project performance, who should be involved at each stage of project management, how to successfully implement a project management process, what are the expected benefits of proper project management, how can project planning and project management be aligned to achieved overall better performance, 

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Emergence of The Integrated Building Contractor PDF Download
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Index: F2803

This report summarizes the results of the ELECTRI International (EI) research project entitled Emergence of The Integrated Building Systems (IBS) Contractor.  The objective of this research project was as follows: Investigate the future market for an IBS contractor and identify ways that the electrical contractor can fulfill this role.

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Emerging Green Markets PDF Download
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Index: F2708

A new report offers clear guidance for electrical contractors seeking to understand the driving forces behind the expanding Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and market principles of sustainable construction. While electrical contractors universally acknowledge that LEED certification and the "green building" movement are changing the construction market, many are unsure of their role in the new paradigm. 

This report explains sustainable construction and LEED terminology, offers clear explanation of the electrical construction components of LEED certification, and recommends additional resources for electrical contractors ready to take advantage of green building trends.

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Energy Security and the Electrical Contractor PDF Download
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Index: F4000

Energy Security and the Electrical Contractor is a white paper that was written by Dr. Tom Glavinich. The paper addresses how the electrical contractor will play a key role in assuring that the U.S. will have an adequate and reliable electric power supply in the future. As emerging small-scale generating technologies such as fuel cells, photovoltaics, microturbines, and others become economically viable, there will be a shift from the traditional central power plant to local distributed generation (DG). These small-scale generation technologies will be incorporated into commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII) buildings to meet the increasing demand for electric power. In addition, state-of-the-art building control and automation systems will also result in increased CII building efficiency thereby reducing the demand on the utility grid. This paper discusses the important role that these technologies and the electrical contractor will play in ensuring a secure U.S. electric power supply in the 21st Century.

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Establishing a Best Practices Program for Electrical Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F2204

Among the objectives of "Establishing a Best Practices Program for Electrical Contractors", is to clearly define the term "Best Practices" as it applies to electrical contractors. This research will also provide you with insight as to how to establish a best practices program that will set your company apart from others. Companies commonly use the expression "having the competitive edge" to describe groups of people who tend to stand out in a crowd. These are companies that have excelled where others have failed and those that consistently meet company goals. What sets them apart from others? What makes them the best?

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Exploring the Opportunities for Applying Lean Principles to Electrical Prefabrication PDF Download
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Index: F3406

Electrical prefabrication is the practice of fabricating electrical assemblies in a prefabrication shop, then delivering the complete or semi-complete assemblies to the construction jobsite where they are to be installed. By moving part of the traditional electrical work from a jobsite to a prefabrication shop and fabricating electrical assemblies ahead of time, electrical prefabrication can provide benefits such as increased productivity and safety, decreased jobsite congestion, reduced waste, improved product quality, and cost savings. However, electrical contractors have not fully achieved the potential benefits of prefabrication because of unique barriers that the electrical industry faces when they try to increase the level of their prefabrication.

Previous studies have shown that the application of lean principles to construction is beneficial for prefabrication. However, little to no studies has investigated how the application of lean principles to electrical prefabrication can help overcome the unique barriers. Thus, the goals of this study are to explore the opportunities for applying lean construction principles to electrical prefabrication, and accordingly to facilitate the implementation of prefabrication.
The Oregon State University research team of Yizhe Yang, Hyun Won Lee, and Mahmoud Shakouri built the study upon two premises. First, electrical construction lags behind mechanical construction in terms of prefabrication. Second, the application of lean construction principles is beneficial for prefabrication.

Using a combination of interviews and case studies, the investigative team worked to determine the unique prefabrication barriers that electrical contractors face, to identify the lean construction principles that would help overcome such barriers, and to demonstrate effective ways to apply lean principles to electrical prefabrication.

The case studies used for this report included four projects of different electrical prefabrication levels: Hanger Cables for Lighting Fixtures; Conduit Bending without BIM; Conduit Bending with BIM; and Electrical Box Assemblies. Photographs and flow charts for each case study amplify the text presented in the report.

In their conclusion, researchers reconfirm the original hypothesis that projects with more lean principles in place provide more opportunities for electrical prefabrication. However, they also note that the full benefits of prefabrication for electrical construction will only be reaped when the culture of continuous improvement within each company is created and the prefabrication process is streamlined.

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Eye on the Future: Visions, Challenges, and Trends in Electrical Contracting PDF Download
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Index: F2201

This publication is a combination of two reports: Electrical Contracting 2010; A Visioning Process, by Dr. Charlie Helliwell of MIT; and Key Trends and Challenges for the Future of Electrical Contracting, by Atul Dighe of the Institute for Alternative Futures. 

Among the objectives was to prepare scenarios on how the electrical contracting industry might be organized in the year 2010 and how contractors might operate in the Information Age economy that is envisioned to exist at that time. This report also introduces three new trends representing huge opportunities for the industry: micropower, smart electric grid, and the survellience society.

This report provides the basic concept and structure of how to position yourself in order to gain full advantage of upcoming technologies and trends in the industry.

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Factors Affecting Labor Productivity for Electrical Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F3000(R-07)

The evident economic importance of understanding productivity has prompted the construction industry to conduct research identifying job conditions and building techniques that reduce efficiency. The amount of research conducted and published varies from factor to factor. Though some labor situations have undergone greater analysis than others, research addressing factors affecting labor productivity is scarce in general. 

The purposes of this report are to:
  • Develop a working definition of the different factors affecting labor productivity.
  • Provide for the first time a quantitative measure, with a reasonable degree of accuracy, of the impact of these factors on labor productivity. Such a measure will assist electrical contractors in estimating the additional costs related to labor productivity loss when confronted with a construction environment that differs from the circumstances considered during bidding and planning.
  • Provide a better understanding of the differences between the two approaches used to quantify the impact of these factors on labor productivity, namely the factors approach and the cumulative impact approach. Contractors and owners alike need the ability to quantitatively calculate the impacts on conditions affecting labor efficiency for use in management and claims negotiation and litigation.
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From Field to Office A Management Training Program PDF Download
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Index: F3413

Successful project execution relies on the quality and experience of project managers. When a company desires to promote field workers from within the organization to management-type positions, then the company should be aware of potential gaps in important management skills. The results of a survey of field electricians who moved into project management positions along with others who have worked primarily in management identified several skills gaps between field workers and project managers. These gaps include skills such as conflict management, team building, listening, business orientation, stress management, ability to negotiate, ability to manage schedule, ability to manage funds, financial management, and organizational skills. Development of a training program to bridge these identified skills gaps is suggested along with an example course syllabus and key learning objectives. The desired outcome of this research is the eventual development of instructional materials based on the identified skills gaps that can lead to improved management and successful completion of project work.

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Fuel Cell Technology and Electrical Contracting PDF Download
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Index: F2602

Determining when is the right time for an electrical contractor to enter an emerging technology market requires careful observation and a thorough understanding of the technology in question. Until now, electrical contractors have had to rely on manufacturers' data to answer their financial questions about fuel cells. 

The latest study published by ELECTRI International - The Foundation for Electrical Construction answers many of their questions about fuel cell technology and growing uses in terms of what they could mean to a contractor's bottom line.

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Generating Success: An Exploration of the Issues Facing the Electrical Construction Industry Through the Lens of Family Businesses PDF Download
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Index: F3304

Family businesses make up approximately 80—90% of the businesses in the U.S. economy and a similar portion of the global economy. A growing body of research indicates that when the family involvement is managed correctly, that it creates a strategic advantage for the business (and conversely when not managed effectively constitutes a strategic threat). This study is intended to create a profile of the NECA membership from the perspective of family business. This profile includes both the  involvement of the family in the ownership and the management of the business. In addition, this study lays the groundwork for future studies related to how NECA family business members can develop best practices to maximize their strategic advantage.
 
A detailed survey questionnaire was designed in order to develop a NECA membership profile, which includes the average firm's number of employees, revenues, age, and degree of family involvement in management and ownership. The results indicate that most NECA members are family businesses (almost 98%). The average NECA family business profile is about 48 years old, second generation, with a significant percentage of family members in ownership and/or management (i.e. a high degree of family involvement in the business). The majority of respondents believe that the family involvement in the business creates a strategic advantage and this belief was positively related to the performance of their business. The paper concludes with suggested opportunities for NECA and it members to further capitalize on strategically involving the family in a family business.

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Guide to Benchmarking Field Operations PDF Download
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Index: F2605

The new Guide to Benchmarking Field Operations, offers ways electrical contractors and supervisors can use in-the-field benchmarking to improve the quality, productivity and safety of electrical construction. Field benchmarking increases electrician participation in the decisions that affect the work being done and the overall jobsite environment. Field benchmarking is distinguished from other measurement systems because it requires active crew involvement to assess progress and continually evaluate the goals and schedule.

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How Integrated Project Delivery Impacts Specialty Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F3411

When considering Integrated Project Delivery (IDP), specialty contractors want to know:

  • What is the structure of an IDP project?
  • How do you manage an IDP project?
  • How do you find the right IDP partners?
  • What is the role of the owner?
  • How do we get started?

This report will help you to understand IDP – and what it can help you accomplish. Learn how to structure an IDP team and how to evaluate the risks and challenges of selecting the right IDP partners.

Once an IDP project is in place, managing it and working effectively with the owners are both essential ingredients of a successful IDP venture.

You can't get started until you get started. This report will help you do that.

Learn how to evaluate whether IDP is right for your situation. Review the steps you need to take to move from idea to reality. Review how technology will help you transition from traditional project management to IDP.

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How to Develop a Service Business Ready for the Electrification of Everything (F3452)
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Index: F3452


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Identifying BIM-Related Costs Due to Changes PDF Download
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Index: F3416

Building information modeling (BIM) and prefabrication tools have greatly improved the efficiency of constructing structures but can only enhance construction if the design is reasonably set before their implementation. In fact, BIM and prefabrication become very expensive to use if owners are changing plans once BIM models are developed or prefab has commenced. The situation can be worse for specialty contractors.

BIM and pre-fab enable greater quality and enhance field installation coordination. Contractors, are adopting these tools rapidly and their use is becoming very commonplace on projects. Yet, owners are often reluctant to compensate contractors for the additional work associated with the increased work that follows ill-timed changes to the plans.

This report

  • investigates the costs associated with late changes and how they impact a contractor's ability to execute the scope of work
  • provides effective suggestions and recommendations, developed from interviews with several successful specialty contractors
  • presents a process for tracking costs plus separate checklists for the electrical contractor, general contractor and owner
  • highlights the extra BIM and prefabrication costs borne by electrical contractors due to late changes and provides sensible tools for avoiding these costs
  • will help specialty contractors, general contractors and owners create an environment in which BIM and prefabrication will help deliver the projects that owners desire at the lowest possible cost and highest level of quality.
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Impact of Change Orders on Labor Efficiency for Electrical Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F9901

A major key to profits is labor efficiency. Successful management of change orders is essential on every construction project. This study uses data collected from the electrical industry to quantify that change orders affect labor efficiency. A linear regression model that estimates loss of efficiency is presented. This study's model is an after-the-fact tool, limited to completed projects where contractors are seeking additional compensation for losses in efficiency at the end of a project. The value predicted from the model can be used as a baseline comparison in negotiations between owner and the contractor.

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Impact of Overtime on Electrical Labor Productivity: A Measured Mile Approach PDF Download
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Index: F3101

Electrical contractors are frequently faced with the need to compress or accelerate the construction schedule as a result of added scope, delays and/or a late start of activities. The most common approach to schedule acceleration is the use of overtime. Past research studies concluded that placing workers on scheduled overtime reduces labor productivity. Although several research efforts have studied the effect of overtime on labor efficiency, these studies have unknown data sources and were conducted many years previously. This study is focused on the analysis of scheduled and unscheduled (sporadic) overtime on labor productivity. There are two components of this research; qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative aspect aims to document the views of electrical contractors regarding the use of overtime and other schedule compression techniques such as overmanning and shiftwork. The quantitative component deals with macro and micro analysis of overtime.

The macro and micro approaches are used for analyzing the impact of both sporadic and scheduled overtime. The macro approach is used to analyze projects where no fixed overtime schedule is utilized or mixed work schedules are used throughout a week. The micro approach is used to analyze projects that utilize a fixed overtime schedule, such as 5x10 or 6x10 throughout a certain number of weeks. This study presents the results of a statistical analysis of productivity data collected from several projects that used a variety of overtime scheduling techniques. The statistical analysis includes several productivity models that can be used to estimate electrical labor inefficiency within a project, given both its scheduled overtime per week and the total successive number of weeks of overtime.

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Impact of Variation on Electrical Contractor Profitability PDF Download
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Index: F2501

Variation has an impact on all aspects of operation from office work to field support, from labor management to project management, from material management to supplier relationship, and from foreman to foreman. 

The purpose of this project is to investigate and create an in-depth understanding of categories of variations that impact the electrical contractor's (EC's) profitability. 

Authors: Dr. Perry Daneshgari and Michelle Wilson, MCA, Inc.

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Improving Apprentice Training With Personality Assessment PDF Download
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Index: F9402

This research report provides a guide to more effective communication with apprentices through personality assessment. Results identify the most common personality traits and learning style differences and how instructors may utilize this information to enhance training. 

Conducted by Dr. Alan Brownsword, Gary Hartzler, and Dr. Margaret Hartzler of the Institute for Type & Leadership, Inc.

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Improving Combined Time-Cost Forecasting Capabilities for Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F3106

Contractors must carefully manage cash outflow (e.g. for materials to enable their work) and inflow (after the work) to be profitable, especially in the current economy. The importance of cash flow for business success is undisputed, as bankruptcies due to insufficient cash flow underline.

This study investigated current business practices of electrical contracting companies of different sizes with respect to their financial planning and management.  As part of this research project a simple spreadsheet implementation was created to provide contractors who have not yet planned, controlled, and managed their cash flow in detail for each transaction with a quick and simple tool.

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Industrialization of Electrical Contracting: Prefabrication and Supply Chain PDF Download
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Index: F3407

As a leader of innovation and process in the construction industry, the electrical contracting field is consistently working to identify the next step in quality, efficiency and cost effectiveness of work. Recently, those on the cutting edge have been looking increasingly at industrialization as that next step, including lean production, prefabrication and supply chain integration.

This report presents the findings of a one-year study sponsored by ELECTRI International to investigate the determinants and best practices of electrical contracting industrialization. To support the study, a taskforce of electrical construction, supply, and manufacturing professionals was formed to provide the initial input, guidance and results validation. Prefabrication is utilized in this study as a measureable indicator of the industrialization level of electrical construction firms.

Accordingly, the study involved three main objectives:

  • Identify and collect best practices of electrical contracting industrialization in terms of prefabrication and supply chain management.
  • Identify industry-related prefabrication feasibility determinants that are out of the electrical contractor's control, including economic and market parameters.
  • Identify firm-related determinants of prefabrication feasibility that are within the electrical contractor's control, including operations management and supply chain collaborations.

The report is summarized by two major identified opportunities for improving current industrialization practices, which include:

  • Promoting win-win relations between IBEW union locals and industrialized electrical contractors.
  • Increased implementation of lean principles.

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Inequitable Payment Practices PDF Download
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Index: F3409D

More contractors go bankrupt due to cash flow than because of profitability. EC contractors have little leverage to change owner and GC behavior on payment.

Addressing Inequitable Payment Practices explores various perspectives on payment practices, payment clauses, the impact of carrying costs, and recommended strategies to mitigate payment challenges.

Review how inequitable payment practices and clauses are significantly impacting specialty subcontractors' cash flow cycle including:

Limiting company growth as new projects cannot be financed
Requiring staff reductions to lower overhead costs in order to avoid losses or reduce the inability to hire additional people
Delayed payment to vendors and material suppliers leading to higher materials costs, ultimately impacting future bid competitiveness
Reduced profitability caused by the cost of financing working capital requirements
Slow-paying jobs, hindering a contractor's ability to take on additional projects
Possible bankruptcy
Learn specific mitigation strategies EC contractors can adopt to help address payment problems. The report's appendices serve as useful guidelines on state-specific payment laws and lien rights, talking points for owners and general contractors, and vendor education to help EC contractors understand how the issue impacts their pricing.

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Innovative Service Contracting Practices PDF Download
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Index: F2901

The objective of this report was to identify innovative practices that the electrical contracting firm can use to develop a profitable service business.  Service work can provide the EC firm with a steady income stream to balance the cyclical nature of the construction industry, as well as giving ECs an advantage over competitors when customers build new facilities to renovate.  Twenty-seven best practices were highlighted in the project.

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Job Stress in Electrical Construction Supervisors PDF
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Index: F2705

Productivity loss due to excess job stress is a major concern for all types of industries. This new report analyzed stress factors affecting project supervisors and offered insights to help managers lower the stress levels of their supervisory employees.

The survey showed that the most significant job stressor for electrical project supervisors was occupational responsibility, and the most serious life stressor was children and spouse/partner issues. The survey used Myers-Briggs analysis to determine the behavior profiles of respondents. This research suggests that electrical contractors could help lower stress levels in their construction supervisors and increase supervisory productivity by making a stronger effort to address problems related to span-of-control and job content, coupled with additional training and outside support for parenting, child and family issues. Additional recommendations are provided to electrical contractors related to the results of this study.

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Latent Side-Effects of Electrical Safety Interventions Among T&D Line Workers
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Conducted by Purdue University

The construction industry is one of the dynamic risky environments that contains many potential hazards causing injuries to workers. This is especially true in the electrical sector, where T&D line workers perform tasks on high elevations, close to high-voltage energized lines. Despite increased safety interventions to curb the number of injuries occurring in the electrical construction industry, this sector still experiences one of the highest fatality rates.

ELECTRI International awarded an Early Career Award to Sogand Hasanzadeh of Purdue University to study the latent side-effects of electrical safety interventions among T&D line workers.  You can download the summary of her research and reach out to the researcher if you have any questions or are interested in a more detailed report.

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Look-Ahead Scheduling for Electrical Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F3305

Productivity in the construction industry has lagged and continues to lag other industries. Construction subcontractors and, in particular, electrical contractors, are at high risk of subpar productivity performance and schedule delays due to many unique challenges in the field.

More often than not, this subpar performance is a planning issue. Published short-term planning methods, such as Workface Planning, Enhanced Work Packaging, and Last Planner®, which have demonstrated success in other fields of construction, can be used to improve productivity in electrical contracting. In this study, we designed a "best practice" tailored to electrical contracting by combining elements of these methods into an effective field-friendly best practice model. The model was designed on the basis of a literature review and a survey of, and interviews with, electrical contractors. 

The literature review focused on key elements of emerging and proven methods in construction look-ahead scheduling. General project-management methods were also reviewed to include elements that might potentially be useful.

The survey was designed to identify electrical contractors' current practices, solicit opinions of best practices to identify gaps between current practices and best practices, and identify the most significant causes of delay so that the best practice could be designed to be most effective in improving project performance. The sixty respondents to the survey represented a broad geographic sample within the U.S. and worked on a wide range of project types. They are mainly managers or owners of medium- to large-sized companies. The survey showed look-ahead scheduling to be widely practiced, although the methods, level of detail, and persons responsible varied by contractor.

A comparison between the survey results and proven planning methods showed several areas of potential improvement. The important elements of these methods were combined into a four-step process designed to be most effective for electrical contractors.

The planning steps are:   
  • A collaboratively planned, multi-week schedule based on work packages tailored to field operations
  • A weekly work plan including only work packages made fully ready and committed to by the foreman
  • A daily plan providing clear assignments to each worker and serving as the basis for record keeping for process improvement
  • Tracking scheduling effectiveness and performing root cause analysis to eliminate recurring delays and improve schedule reliability.

The best practice model was tested in a case study in a water-treatment plant construction project. Feedback and lessons learned from this pilot study are presented in Chapter 5.

This report describes the research and rationale for the best practice, as well as a detailed description of the method. Readers interested in a concise treatment should refer to the Implementation Guide in Appendix C.

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Managing Worker Fatigue on Transmission/Distribution (TD) Line Work PDF Download
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Index: F3414

Electrical power line installers have a fatality rate higher than any other trade in the construction industry. The most commonly cited causes of transmission and distribution (TD) line worker fatalities include
  • equipment operator error
  • improper use of safety devices
  • mistakes and temporary lapses in judgment
  • violations of safety protocol

All of these causes are made even worse by fatigue - a reduction in mental acuity and physical stamina during extended work shifts in remote locations. Following an extensive analysis, ELECTRI researchers can confirm fatigue as a main leading cause of mistakes, incidents and accidents.

Determining a way to mitigate fatigue effects at work is critical to reducing accidents and fatalities.

This report
  • presents a comprehensive summary of the team's research and main findings
  • defines fatigue and describes the leading causes of fatigue, acute and chronic consequences of fatigue, available tools to measure fatigue, and approaches to fatigue risk management
  • explains the methods used to understand how fatigue specifically affects TD power line operations, how it can be recognized in peers, and how fatigue can be managed
  • provides a series of recommendations for future action

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Market Share: Developing A Standard Formula to Calculate Market Share PDF Download
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Index: F2710

The lack of a common definition of market size and share by NECA and the IBEW has interfered with the development and application of winning strategies between the two organizations. Market share has become a negotiation tool to win concessions instead of a tool to develop a shared strategy for sucesss. 

This study was written to address the concerns and provide an economically based method to calculate local market share. Dr. Perry Daneshgari and his research team conducted an intensive investigation of existing market share methodologies and data sources to develop an Economic Market Size methodology. 

The study describes in great detail the sources that comprise this methodology and offers guidelines for local areas who want to adopt the methodology for their own computations.

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Measuring Productivity and the Effect of Prefabrication on Productivity PDF Download
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Index: F3410

Field and office productivity and the use of prefabrication in the Electrical Contracting industry are intertwined. This project explored the impact and use of prefabrication within Lean Construction and BIM and VDC. The focus was to untangle and objectively characterize the relationship between productivity and prefabrication. The investigation resulted in a set of best practices that can help Electrical Contractors optimize prefabrication to obtain peak productivity.

To understand how productivity of field and office personnel is measured and to identify the impact of prefabrication on operations, the research team conducted specific "case studies" with 14 leading union and non-union electrical contractors and with leading mechanical contractors throughout the United States. Individual site visits and personal interviews allowed a deeper dive into the changes electrical contractors made to increase their use of prefabrication.

The case studies explored the impact on productivity for field and office operations. These studies provided tactics to guide other electrical contractors who want to increase their prefabrication efforts and understand how they could use prefabrication to increase their competitiveness in the marketplace.

The final investigative report includes the findings from the case studies and provides a series of tactics that may be used by an electrical contractor for implementing prefabrication and measuring its impact on productivity. 

The report presents three different levels of tactics for contractors at different stages:

- beginners at prefabrication,
- contractors seeking to dramatically increase their prefabrication efforts
- advanced prefabricators who can benefit from a few additional tactics. 

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Measuring the Labor Productivity of Electrical Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F2802

This study introduces practical and simple ways of measuring labor productivity in a contractor's organization at different levels of detail. Higher productivity levels allow contractors to simultaneously increase profitability, improve competitiveness, and pay higher wages to workers, while completing activities sooner.  Once a contractor can measure labor productivity, the effect of any factor or combination of factors can be assessed by comparing labor productivity values before and after the factor was in place. For example, the impact in productivity of a new managerial approach can be determined by measuring labor productivity before and after the new approach is implemented.

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Needs Assessment and Conceptual Design for Electrical Construction/Supervisory Training PDF Download
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Index: F9303

Foreman/supervisory training is a critical research area. 

This study examines the national implementation of foreman/supervisory training and the strategies to design an improved curriculum along with methods for effective implementation. 

Conducted by Dr. Jerald Rounds, then at Arizona State University.

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Negotiating Loss of Labor Efficiency Claims for Electrical Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F2006

The purpose of this manual is to provide guidance for the electrical contractor and subcontractor on presenting loss of labor efficiency claims. Following these guidelines will enhance the likelihood of recovering the additional labor costs. 

The emphasis in this manual is on educating the owner or general contractor as to the causes and consequences of labor inefficiencies.

Another essential emphasis is on establishing cause-effect relationships so as to substantiate the labor overrun. The purpose of this manual is not to explain how to calculate damages.

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New Business Opportunities for US and Mexican Electrical Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F2007

The Mexican electrical market offers unique business opportunities for US contractors and manufacturers through collaboration and strategic alliances with their Mexican counterparts. In general, profitability margins would be better, for both US and Mexican contractors, if they work as a team. There are certainly some ropes to learn and some risks to manage, but big opportunities await those who are willing and able to learn and adapt.

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Next Steps in Portability as a Means to Improve the Electrical Construction Industry and Benefit IBEW Membership PDF Download
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Index: F3408

The IBEW wants to increase man-hours and market share, as well as organize non-union electrical contractors. Signatory electrical contractors are trying to maintain relationships with existing clients and, at the same time, become more competitive with non-union contractors.

Reducing restrictions on portability will facilitate achieving all these goals. Using data and case studies from a wide variety of sources, including those inside and outside the electrical contracting industry, this report demonstrates that decreasing restrictions on portability, thereby increasing the ability of IBEW-signatory contractors to move key labor personnel to projects as necessary, will not lead to the problems predicted by those against such moves.

This report details the benefits gleaned from freer portability of labor. Ultimately, it shows that open portability does not lead to widespread migrations of labor from low-wage regions to high-wage regions. Rather, portability affords contractors the flexibility to staff crews more competitively while still primarily using labor from the local in which the work is being installed. This provides mutually inclusive benefits that can increase market share for IBEW and increase its potential to organize non-union electrical contractors.

This report follows on the previous ELECTRI report The Economic Costs of Portability (2012) which offered findings pertaining to restricting the portability of union electrical workers. The 2012 report is index F3202 An Economic Analysis of Portability.

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Optimal Operational Model for Electrical Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F2202

The purpose of this research was to investigate the productivity improvement principles used in various industries and to suggest models that can be implemented for use in the electrical construction industry. 

The results of this report are applicable to the progressive electrical contracting companies and CEOs who have constantly been seeking better ways of operation.

Author: Dr. Perry Daneshgari, MCA, Inc.

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Practical Workflows using 360-degree Cameras: A White Paper on Reality Capture
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Index: none

Reality Capture is the process of capturing accurate and detailed data of physical environments and converting the
data into a digital format. In recent years, the technology used for capturing reality has become increasingly sophisticated, with new tools and platforms being developed to meet the demands of various industries.
The reality capture technology used in this project was OpenSpace, a platform that uses 360-degree photogrammetry
to compare progress on a timeline determined by the electrical contractor and also compares 3D BIM models to what
was installed in the field. This technology uses artificial intelligence (AI) to automatically provide date/time stamps and
location data for every image on the floor plan. The AI learns and adapts to the job the more it captures, resulting in an
average capture turnaround time of less than 30 minutes after a capture is uploaded.
In this whitepaper, we explore the 360-degree camera as a reality capture device and show how it can be used in the
electrical construction industry during the demolition, design, construction and maintenance phases to improve accuracy and return on investment (ROI).


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Procurement Chain Management in the Construction Industry PDF Download
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Index: F3001

This research was commissioned by The Electrical Contracting Foundation (ELECTRI'21) with the support of and in conjunction with the NAED Research and Education Foundation, Mechanical Contracting Education and Research Foundation, and the New Horizons Foundation, a Sheet Metal Industry Initiative. 

This research investigates the prevailing, existing, and alternative models of procurement. In order to adequately assess the strengths and weaknesses of each model, a neutral comparison of each model was conducted. After thorough investigation, a common problem was discovered in each procurement model being practiced. None of the existing and alternative models are offering an efficient, streamlined approach to procurement. It is the opinion and finding of this research that a new procurement process needs to be developed to achieve better *Time *Cost and * Quality. This can only be accomplished through direct collaboration of all the stakeholders in the procurement chain to produce a horizontally integrated procurement process. 

This report will explain the benefits of horizontal integration. 

Author: Dr. Perry Daneshgari, MCA, Inc.

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Project Labor Agreements PDF Download
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Index: F2702

This publication discusses the positive impact prehire-collective bargaining agreements can have on construction projects. PLAs are typically the project of negotiations between a group of unions, usually represented by a building trades council, and a construction user. PLAs require all contractors working on a project to adhere to collectively bargained terms and conditions, whether they are union or non-union contractors. Recently, questions about possible conflicts with state and local bidding procedures having arisen as adoption of PLAs has grown. Poorly tracked "research" has left construction users confused. 

This report seeks to answer definitively these questions by examining numerous PLA-construction projects, including archival research, interviews, case studies, and statistical analysis. Central findings include no evidence that PLAs decrease the number of bidders or change the costs or construction projects.

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Promoting Careers in the Electrical Contracting Business through Student Chapter Engagement and Research on Energy Efficient Projects PDF Download
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Index: F3402

Thais D. Alves, Ph.D., San Diego State University, prepared a report that would lead to optimal interaction with of NECA Student Chapters by: 

  • helping students prepare for the Green Energy Challenge Competition and
  • providing a detailed list of hands-on research projects on energy efficiency in buildings and infra-structure that faculty can tie into existing courses, competitions, research labs, work with student chapters in other disciplines, and campus initiatives.

The report begins with a discussion of the ways that chapter activities complement both students' academic progress and the development of important skills potentially desired by electrical contracting businesses. Student members provided valuable feedback for the study on the structure, support, and current functioning of the NECA student chapters. The report includes their suggestions of potential research projects that could be developed by students under the supervision of chapter advisors and industry members. Professor Alves presents examples of research developed by undergraduate and graduate students involved in this project. Their work focused mainly on energy efficiency in buildings and the use Lean principles to deliver energy efficient projects. 

Most NECA Student Chapters report that they enjoy good support from their local NECA chapter sponsor, faculty advisors, and NECA National. Opportunities mentioned that would help improve the student chapters include leveraging current activities already identified by students as important (e.g., networking, preparing business proposals and presentations, training) and starting/promoting new initiatives such as job shadowing and internships. 

The research ends with a summary of findings and recommendations that include a discussion of:
  • ways to improve student chapter activities
  • networking as important activity valued by students,
  • student concerns about recruitment
  • improving communication at the student chapter level so that students learn more about local and national resources available to them.
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Quantifying the Cumulative Impact of Change Orders for Electrical Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F2004

Change is inevitable on construction projects, primarily because of the uniqueness of each project and the limited resources of time and money that can be spent on planning, executing, and delivering the project. Change clauses, which authorize the owner to alter work performed by the contractor, are included in most construction contracts and provide a mechanism for equitable adjustment to the contract price and duration. Even so, owners and contractors do not always agree on the adjusted contract price or the time it will take to incorporate the change. What is needed is a method to quantify the impact that the adjustments required by the change will have on the changed and unchanged work. Includes diskette with formula for calculating the impact of change orders.

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Repositioning Careers in Electrical Contracting PDF Download
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Index: F2203

The goal of this project is to improve the quality and quantity of entry level applicants by repositioning careers in electrical contracting. By definition, this effort is considerably different from the present methods of recruiting entry level employees, with the priority on recruitment of apprentices by JATC training directors. 

The project proposes a broader focus on the full range of career paths available in the industry known as electrical contracting. The approach also would move the image of electrical contracting away from the general category of the construction trades and promote the idea of career paths in electrical contracting leading from point of entry to potential executive management.

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Safety Risk Management for Electrical Transmission and Distribution Line Construction PDF Download
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Index: F3201

Prior research has established that electrical contractors involved in the construction and maintenance of electrical transmission and distribution (T&D) lines are at extremely high risk of electrocution.

The result of inadvertent contact with T&D lines often is death or severe injury that involves damage to internal organs, musculoskeletal disorders, neurological damages and severe burns. The International Electrical Safety Foundation has demonstrated that contact with overhead power lines has been the single largest cause of electrical fatalities over the last decade. To reduce this disproportionate injury rate, electrical contractors implement many strategies such as the use of rubber insulating equipment, and locking devices. Unfortunately, these strategies are often cost-prohibitive in certain construction and maintenance scenarios. Therefore, electrical contractors are faced with complex decisions that involve comparing the cost of injury prevention with the expected safety benefit. This paper presents research that objectively evaluated the risk associated with common T&D construction tasks and the effectiveness of specific injury prevention techniques. The research team then developed a decision support framework that provides electrical contractors with objective safety and cost feedback given specific project characteristics. The results indicate that many of the effective strategies implemented to reduce T&D electrical injuries are very costly (e.g., de-energizing lines). Consequently, under most conditions, the costs of injury prevention far outweigh the cost savings associated with the reduction of injury rates. The implication of these findings is that T&D electrical contractors must highly value the non-monetary benefits of injury prevention in order to improve safety in their sector.

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Sequencing Guidelines for Electrical Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F2005

This report summarizes the research activities performed by the University of Washington and Penn State University on "Sequencing Guidelines for Electrical Contractors." The goal of this research is to provide a set of rules and guidelines for productive project sequencing to be used by the field in implementing the results of this work. The report describes the research issues and methods associated with the study and the results of the research.

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Single vs. Multiple Prime Contracting PDF Download
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Index: F2701

Construction users, owners, and developers navigating today's expanding market are still dealing with questions about the best building process for their businesses. Using a single, general contractor or multiple prime contractors is one of the major questions they face. 

Single vs. Multiple Prime Contracting proves that using multiple prime contractors offers a distinct financial advantage to owners. Using sample data from publicly funded state construction projects, the study shows that projects organized with multiple prime contractors have five percent less direct costs than projects that used a single prime contractor. About 80 percent of these savings are attributable to lower bid costs for multiple prime projects.

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Single vs. Separate Prime Contracting PDF Download
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Index: F9502

This study expands on the 1993 publication Single vs. Separate Bidding by looking at prime-contracting issues on a national level and includes an overview of the major issues in the single vs. separate prime debate. Pros and cons of single and multi-prime contracts are evaluated from the perspective of general and specialty contractors as well as public owners. 

A statistical analysis of differences in construction costs between the two contracting methods is also included. 

Conducted by Dr. Brian Becker, State University of New York at Buffalo.

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Smart Grid: Installation and Construction Management Aspects for Electrical Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F3203

A "smart grid" can be described as the integration of the electrical grid with the information technology/ communication system so it can effectively monitor and manage the generation, storage, transmission, distribution and consumption of electricity. The existence and growth of smart grids is greatly influenced by numerous initiatives that are being introduced in recent years. Different levels of government and industry have rolled out various types of initiatives to support making the electric grid "smart." Various initiatives indicate great potential for substantial growth in smart grid related development and installation projects. These efforts will present opportunities for the construction industry, especially electrical contractors. In order for electrical contractors to take advantage of these opportunities, they need to be conversant with technologies associated with smart grid and their installation and construction management related aspects. This study explored smart grid technologies both currently available and emerging, and developed their installation work scopes and associated construction management aspects. The following five major smart grid technologies are discussed.

1. Energy Storage Devices (ESD)
2. Advanced Superconducting Transmission Cables
3. Smart Substation and Smart Transformers
4. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
5. Home Area Networks (HAN)

The installation and construction management aspects of each the above-noted technologies are analyzed under the following impact categories:

  • Impact on Overall Power System Design Location, Planning, Zoning and Environmental Considerations
  • Product Procurement
  • Product Installation
  • Design and Construction of Supporting Components
  • Construction Project Management
  • Finally, the analysis of each technology is presented in two sets of checklists: (a) checklists summarizing the above noted six impacts categories, and (b) checklist summarizing the work scope of electrical contractors.
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Stacking of Trades for Electrical Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F2009

The electrical construction industry has relied heavily on expert opinion to perform critical decisions. The industry is experiencing shortages of skilled personnel in a competitive and ever-shrinking labor market. As the labor markets are shrinking, electrical contractors are asked to perform more work at a faster pace than previously requested. As a result, labor productivity is one of the most important factors that affect a contractor's profitability. There are many factors that affect labor productivity. This research focuses on the qualitative and quantitative aspects of stacking of trades in order to help contractors create useful productivity monitoring systems.

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Strategies for Minimizing the Economic Consequences of Schedule Acceleration and Compression PDF Download
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Index: F9604PDF

Strategies for Minimizing the Economic Consequences of Schedule Acceleration and Compression is a 44-page study displays a model to quantify loss of labor efficiency. 

Conducted by Dr. H. Randolph Thomas, Jr. and Dr. Amr Oloufa, Penn. State University.

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Successfully Managing Limited-Energy System Projects PDF Download
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Index: F2008

Limited-energy systems (LES) are becoming an increasingly large part of the commercial, industrial, and institutional construction dollar; and this trend will continue. In time, the market for the installation of distributed building control and communications systems, along with the interconnecting infrastructure, will dwarf the traditional power distribution market. The purpose of this education program is to facilitate the electrical contracting firm's successful entry and ongoing participation in the emerging LES market by offering a structured program for managing LES business and projects.

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T&D Worksite Shock Protection Strategies PDF Download
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Index: F3105

The electric power industry has long recognized the need to protect workers aloft and on the ground from dangerous voltages that can occur during construction and maintenance operations on overhead transmission and distribution (T&D) lines. Current regulations, codes, and standards require that an equipotential zone be established where there is a possibility that a worker may be exposed to dangerous voltage differences. Equipotential zones are intended to minimize dangerous difference in potential through grounding and bonding. There is little direction on how to establish an equipotential zone on the ground at the worksite. Methods used to protect workers on the ground vary throughout the electric power industry and are often based on industry custom and practice. The purpose of this research project is to develop strategies to protect workers and the public on the ground in the vicinity of overhead T&D construction and maintenance operations from being exposed to potentially hazardous voltages.

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The Effects of Absenteeism & Turnover on Labor Productivity for EC's PDF Download
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Index: F2208

Absenteeism and employee turnover in the construction industry have a serious negative impact on labor productivity, increasing overall costs and reducing profitability. Little attention has been given to these common problems faced by electrical contractors, perhaps due to a belief that they just come with the territory. 

ELECTRI International - The Foundation for Electrical Construction, Inc., recognizes that electrical contractors need more information on this topic - understanding why it happens and options for reducing the problems. The Effects of Absenteeism and Turnover on Labor Productivity, the latest study published by the Foundation, analyzes the issues and offers practical recommendations for reducing absenteeism and turnover, thereby boosting productivity and profits.

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The Electrical Contractor as the Integrator - Low Voltage Systems Report
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The low voltage market is more profitable than the traditional electrical market, in some cases twice as profitable or greater. This key finding comes from ELECTRI International research evaluating contractors who perform both traditional electrical work and low voltage work. Equally important, almost half of all electrical contractors expect the low voltage market to double in the next five years. The conclusion? The low voltage market represents a significant area of growth in revenue and profitability that electrical contractors are well positioned to enter to their advantage.

ELECTRI International commissioned a major research initiative to develop a guide for ways an electrical contractor could enter and facilitate growth as an integrator in low voltage systems.  Investigators from the Maxim Consulting Group confirmed that rapid changes in low voltage systems and the convergence of the information technology market are creating a need for a more highly-skilled contractor base and workforce across a broader range of low voltage systems.

With the growth of low voltage systems, the EC industry is responding by cross-training its electrician base with technical and engineering skills related to low voltage systems, as well as hiring new low voltage technicians.

The detailed manual helps guide contractors towards a low voltage systems strategy by answering three questions: Which markets? Which verticals? What competitive differentiators? To answer those questions, Maxim researchers organized the manual into separate sections:

  • An overview of the low voltage market, trends, drivers, and projected growth
  • Recommended strategies for entering the market
  • Recommended organizational structures, licenses, certifications and skills
  • A review of the scope of services contractors should consider offering
  • Conclusions


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The Electrical Contractor's Practical Guide to Microgrid Development
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Index: F3444

In January 2021, ELECTRI International commissioned a research project from ProtoGen on microgrid development.  A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and DER within clearly defined electrical boundaries. It acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid and can operate in both grid-connected and island-modes. The North American market for microgrid-related DER is projected to grow at 15% CAGR to $8+ billion annually by 2029. Market growth is being driven by a range of well-understood megatrends including climate change adaptation, increasing threats of physical and cyberattack on public electrical infrastructure, demand for renewable energy and increased resilience, and the electrification of transportation and buildings. PV and energy storage are projected to be the clear leaders among DER technologies deployed within microgrids.

Microgrids and, more broadly, electrification represent enormous growth potential for electrical contractors (ECs), whose existing relationships, fundamental grasp of electricity and electrical construction, and commitment to quality and safety represent competitive advantages. The opportunity is too big and too important to cede to other industries. ECs can build on these advantages to identify, develop, and implement projects that lead to increased customer satisfaction and retention and greater profitability. First, they must better understand the marketplace and how to approach it.

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The Fundamentals of Contract Risk Management PDF Download
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Index: F2003

The goal of this project is to improve the quality and quantity of entry level applicants by repositioning careers in electrical contracting. By definition, this effort is considerably different from the present methods of recruiting entry level employees, with the priority on recruitment of apprentices by JATC training directors. 

The project proposes a broader focus on the full range of career paths available in the industry known as electrical contracting. The approach also would move the image of electrical contracting away from the general category of the construction trades and promote the idea of career paths in electrical contracting leading from point of entry to potential executive management.

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The Future for Union Electrical Construction PDF Download
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Index: F2601

The author of this study, Atul Dighe, The Institute for Alternative Futures, approaches the issue from the perspective that the future of the industry is wide open, full of diverse directions for electrical contractors. However, preconceptions not rooted in reality jeopardize the industry's ability to shape the future it wants - a future with a strong market share, more profitable work, a flexible and skilled workforce, and successful labor relations partnership.

Five "myths" characterized by Dighe currently chart the industry's course for the future:

  • All union electrical construction will remain locally controlled.
  • Unions will contine to have a significant influence in the marketplace and society.
  • Union electrical construction will always have a training advantage over non-union electrical construction.
  • Pay scales are fixed and cannot be changed.
  • Both IBEW and NECA contractors will continue to share a common vision for growth of the industry.
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One by one, the study considers the origins of each myth, then offers numerous sources to demonstrate why it is false. The study then describes what outcomes are possible when the mythical barrier is removed.
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The Progress of Wind Generation Systems PDF Download
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Index: F2706

Fuel cells and photovoltaics may have captured early technical interests of electrical contractors and their customers, but wind-generated power may prove more promising than all other alternative energy sources. This new study ensures that electrical contractors are informed about the latest developments in this emerging market. 
Since wind energy can be produced through both a utility-scaled wind farm that feeds a common grid and a smaller on-site system, wind power generation can be a clean energy alternative for customers of all size and locations. This study contains an introduction to the alternative energy market, specific wind power generating systems, and what steps an electrical contractor can take to ensure the wind power market continues to grow.

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The Role of Electrical Contractors on LEED Projects PDF Download
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Index: F2902a

The green building movement is growing at a fast pace, and still more growth is expected in the years to come. In early 2009, there were more than 17,000 LEED® registered projects and over 1,700 certified projects in progress. This emerging market brings many challenges and opportunities, and educating all the stakeholders in the construction industry about the impact of LEED projects is a timely need.  All the applicable LEED-NC credits were examined for relevance to electrical contractors' work. The research utilized the LEED-NC reference guide, other literature, and case studies to identify the role of electrical contractors on LEED projects.

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The Use of Smart Chip Technology in the Electrical Contracting Industry PDF Download
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Index: 2709

Imagine a toolbox inventory that didn't require removing every tool from storage, and you have an idea of what "smart Chips" could mean for electrical contractors. Smart Chips represent advanced levels of identification technology such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS). Smart chips store and transfer data wirelessly and don't require a line-of-sight reader to retrieve the stored information. ELECTRI International researchers factored contractors' needs and productivity questions in this latest study. The study follows tests of smart chips in tool-tracking inventory systems used on construction sites in order to examine how smart chip technology can manage equipment and materials more effectively on the job site. It also includes guidelines and strategies that electrical contractors can use to set up their own system RFID tags.

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Toward a New Model of Service Management for Electrical Contractors PDF Download
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Index: F3303

Recent trends in the electrical contracting industry indicate a rising demand for service work, which entails performing maintenance, repairs, and warranty work. The primary goal of this research is to develop a model that helps ECs more effectively implement service management strategies and identify within a typical business plan opportunities for becoming more service-centric.

This research cites current and future trends within the electrical contracting industry as grounds for a strategic shift toward service management. The research intends to identify and assess the extent to which EC managers currently perceive and implement service management strategies and identify opportunities for improvement through:

  • exploring business literature, which provides an overview of services, service management theory, terminology associated with service-oriented strategies, and existing models of service management;
  • proposing a conceptual framework for service management through a synthesis of theories from literature, and as a basic prototype to be refined through an exploratory investigation;
  • outlining the research methodology undertaken in the investigation;
  • assessing the extent to which EC managers currently perceive and implement service management strategies through a survey of union and non-union employers and in-depth interviews of current exemplar organizations of service work; and
  • identifying opportunities for excellence in service-based organizations.

A concluding discussion follows comparing the literary best practices with survey results and an analysis of the interview transcriptions. This comparison reveals insights into the success criteria of service organizations and supports the development of a more refined model for service management in electrical contracting. The work concludes by noting the limitations of the research and opportunities for refinement of the framework in future studies.

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VR-Electricians: Using Immersive Storytelling for Attracting Students to the Electrical Trades
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Index: F3442

The electrical power industry is the backbone of America's economic sector, supporting  more than seven million American jobs. Considering how essential electricians are to society, it is not surprising that electricians' employment from 2019 to 2029 is projected to have an eight percent growth rate, much faster than the average for all occupations.

However, it is widely recognized that the workforce shortage has been steadily increasing in the last few years and electricians are one of the top five most challenging craft positions to fill. Targeting young students and women represents one solid solution to the huge workforce shortage problem facing the industry. Researchers have suggested supplementing conventional recruiting and development methods with approaches that place more emphasis on creating active experiences that embrace state-of-the-art technologies.

This ELECTRI International study is the first effort to use immersive storytelling to attract candidates to the electrical trades using the virtual environment of real jobsites. This project introduces the Virtual Reality Electrician, a 360-degree immersive environment powered by virtual electricians to tell success stories of electrical trades and attract young students and women to join the industry.

Using the VR-Electrician system, electricians can expose the potential workforce to the electrical trade by transporting them to real electrical work environments through the power of VR. Students are encouraged to envision the possibility of working in the electrical industry through experiencing real stories with virtual electricians on real jobsites.

The researchers commissioned for this ELECTRI project included Jing Wen, a Ph.D. student in the M.E. Rinker School of Construction Management at the University of Florida. Her research interests include the technology of 360 panoramas, Augmented Reality, and Virtual Reality along with their applications in the field of construction education. Her research partner was Dr. Masoud Gheisari, an Assistant Professor in the Rinker School of Construction Management at the University of Florida, who leads the Human-Centered Technology in Construction (HCTC) research group.


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We Built This City PDF Download
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Index: F2801

The risks and opportunities associated with construction are increasing each  year as the work available within the marketplace is shifting. The services requested by high-tech and environmentally conscientious customers for current hyper-markets are causing a drastic shift in the construction landscape. 

The data compiled in this research will show the realities of the market in large cities and recognize the operational models and agreements required to sustain, regain and expand the unionized contractors' market share.

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Wireless Technology and the Electrical Contractor PDF Download
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Index: F2205

The purpose of "Wireless Technology and the Electrical Contractor" was to answer some fundamental questions regarding the threats and opportunities that wireless technology presents to the electrical contracting industry. Any time a technological change affects an entire industry, there is apprehension about its use and market feasibility. 

Answering the following questions has been the primary focus of this research: 
  • What are the threats to electrical contractors? 
  • Is there a real market for this technology; and, if so, 
  • is it large enough for profitable entry? 
  • How should electrical contractors train to enter this market? 
  • What are the consequences of the current labor shortage for the expansion of this technology?
  • Should NECA members be the leading force in implementing this technology? 

Author: Dr. Perry Daneshgari, MCA, Inc.

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